Morteau (French pronunciation: [mɔʁto] ) is a commune, in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, eastern France.

It is situated in a widening of the Doubs river valley. The proximity of Switzerland (11 km to Le Locle, 21 km to La Chaux-de-Fonds) gives employment to trans-border workers, as well as providing customers for the businesses of the Morteau valley.

The Roman expansion (200 BCE, 100 CE) began the decline of the Celts. At the Battle of Alesia, alongside the Arvernes tribe, there were an equal number of Mandubiens, the people of Doubs. They were the best riders of Vercingetorix.